Some remarks on the Roman Board Games Internet Site
Tali & Tropa
Tali = “astragals” = knucklebones” were not as popular in Rome as they were
in Greece. Tali is not the name of a game, but simply the Latin word for
knucklebones, called astragaloi in Greek. The four sides were only
rarely inscribed with symbols as you easily recognize them by their different
shapes. As to the values we only know that “Venus” (1,3,4,6) was the highest
throw; other throws were named after gods, heroes and other famous people, but
we don’t know their combinations and values. Nothing can be said about a
possible precedence of pairs. The red-figured vase with the knucklebone-handle
depicts two women playing pentelitha, i.e. five stones (pente = 5,
lithos = stone): five knucklebones are thrown in the air and must eb caught on
top of the back of the hand. The same game is played by the girls on the marble
painting from Herculaneum in the archaeological museum in Naples on the front
page (compare U. Schädler, Spielen mit Astragalen, in: Archäologischer Anzeiger
1, 1996, p. 61-73).
The rule described by the emperor Augustus in a letter quoted by
Suetonius says that anyone throwing 1 (canis = “dog”) or 6 (senio)
must place a silver coin (a denarius) for each 1 or 6 in the pot; the
first player to throw a “Venus” wins the pot.
The game of “Tropa” simply consisted in throwing knucklebones in a jar
without any scoring except counting how many knucklebones found their way into
the jar.
What is written about the board games XII scripta, the presumed
game tabula, and a game the author calls “felix sex” which has never
existed is a completely misleading invention of the author without any idea of
what serious research into Roman board games has brought to light (for example
most recently U. Schädler, XII Scripta, Alea, Tabula – new evidence for the
Roman history of “Backgammon”, in: A. J. de Voogt (ed.), New Approaches to
Board Games Research, Leiden 1995), p. 73-98, and Mancala in Roman Asia Minor?,
in: Board Games Studies 1, 1998, p. 10-25). The game boards the author calls
“felix sex” are simply boards for XII scripta and alea. As a
bronze tower for dice (a pyrgus) kept in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum at
Bonn (Germany) with an inscription consisting of six words with six letters
“Pictos victos, hostis deleta, ludite securi” very similar to game board
inscriptions such as “parthi occisi, Britto victus, ludite Romani” (see H.-G.
Horn, Si per me misit, nil nisi vota feret. Ein römischer Spielturm aus
Froitzheim, in: Bonner Jahrbücher 189, 1989, p. 139ss.) shows and bishop
Isidore’s statement that such pyrgi were used for the game “alea”
demonstrates, all those boards with six groups of six symbols or letters
disposed among three parallel rows were used for the game described by Isidore.
A similar pyrgus (not a fritillus) was found together with the
board at Qustul dating to the late 4th century (not 5th).
Now some Roman authors claim that the Roman senator Mucius Scaevola in the 2nd
century BC was a formidable player of XII scripta, while later he is
mentioned in connection with alea. Therefore both the games seem to have
been practically identical, with one exception: according to Isidore alea
was played with three dice, while the earlier game XII scripta was
played with two dice only. We can conclude this from both a mosaic from Ostia
depicting a XII scripta/alea-board with two dice on it (Corpus
Inscriptionum Latinarum XIV 607) and the explanation of the word “scripta”
(which does not mean “lines” but “markings”) as “spots on the dice” by the
Roman author Nonius (170,22). That’s why XII scripta does not mean “12
lines” , but “12 points”, i.e. the highest possible throw with two dice.
From the 4th century on game boards with only two rows of
two groups of six places are known from Rome, Ostia and Cyprus. It is this
route that lead to backgammon, whereas no relationship can be seen to the
Egyptian senet. On such a two-row board the emperor Zeno seems to have
played in the famous poem by Agathias of Myrine (Palatine Anthology 9, 482).
The author erroneously refers to this poem in his chapter dedicated to XII
scripta. The special names of the squares mentioned by Agathias (who wrote
in Greek) are soummos (not Latin summus) and díbos (not
Latin divus), which has something to do with the number 2 (like the
syllable di- in dioxyde for example) and means the second square (in this case
the second but last square).
It is not at all sure that the Romans ever called a game tabula.
In all the written sources where this word is mentioned in connection with
games it can be simply translated “game board” or “board game”. Tabula
as a name of a board game is rather unlikely, as in medieval Europe board games
using the derivative words have it in the plural form (for example Spanish
“tablas”, English “tables”), because with this word the gaming pieces were
meant, not the board.
The scene on the bronze mirror probably shows an enlarged version of
the famous Greek board game pente grammai = “five lines”.
All the European and Arabian games listed on the Tabula page are
nothing else than games of the Backgammon family. They have nothing to do with
the Egyptian senet.
The emperor Claudius was not fond of playing tabula, but
addicted to playing dice (see Seneca, Apocolocynthosis). According to
Suetonius he even wrote a book about “the arts of playing dice” (de arte
aleae). It is 600 years later that Isidore uses the word alea (which
means “die”) as a name of a board game. At Claudius’ times the word simply
meant “die”, just as Caesar used the word in his famous saying “alea iacta
est”.
In short: everything that is written in the “Felix Sex”/Tabula/XII
Scripta chapters is simply a mixture of misunderstood and misordered
information concerning various ancient games.
As far as we know no game called calculi existed in ancient
Rome. Calculus is the Latin word for gaming piece (the exact English
parallel is “counter”). There is no evidence whatsoever concerning the
existence of a five-in-a-row-game in ancient Greece nor Rome.
There are not so many mistakes here. In Latin hand writing two vertical
lines (transcribed by the author as “ii”) indicate an “e”.
The significance of the markings on the underside of many gaming pieces
(the “chips” are nothing else than gaming stones) is not known. They could also
be used as owner’s marks.
What is written here is also a mixture of misunderstood information
concerning different games.
First of all petteia is not the name of a game but a generic
Greek term indicating “board game” that derives from the word pessos =
stone, gaming piece. Pollux’ description quoted by the author refers to the
Greek game “city” (polis), which was obviously the earlier Greek version
of the Roman latrunculi. The accompanying illustrations of vase
paintings dating to the 6th and early 5th century depict
Ajax and Achilleus playing neither “city” nor the Roman latrunculi game,
but “five lines”, as can be seen from the depiction of the gaming board on a
vase in the museum in Brussels. “Five lines” was known since the 7th
century BC.
The mosaic illustrated has nothing to do with latrunculi, since
in ancient Rome the checkering of game boards was unknown.
The rules of the latrunculi game can be reconstructed with a
good amount of certainty (see U. Schädler, Latrunculi – ein verlorenes
strategisches Brettspiel der Römer, in: Homo Ludens. Der spielende Mensch IV,
1994, p. 47-67; and Latrunculi - a forgotten Roman game of strategy
rediscovered, in: Abstract Games 8, 2001). It was played by two players. The
number of pieces used probably varied with the size of the board. There was
only one type of piece. The relevant Latin sources sometimes use different
terms to indicate the gaming pieces such as latro (soldier), miles
(legionary), or bellator (fighter), but this is due to them being poetry
with the poets trying to avoid the monotonous repetition of words. There was
probably no initial arrangement of the pieces. The pieces were rather placed on
the board in alternate turns as in modern “Othello” or in “Seega”. An
arrangement in two lines is rather unlikely since the method of capture
consisted in enclosing one enemy piece from two sides. The first phase of the
game would be rather boring with a starting position. Pieces intercepted would
not be taken off the board immediately (this is clearly stated by Seneca,
Letters 117,30) but could be saved (probably by capturing one of the two
interceptors), unless the attacking player in one of his next turns takes it
from the board. The method of capture by interception also leads to the
assumption that the pieces probably moved not more than one square
orthogonally, but could leap over adjacent pieces as in “draughts” and
“checkers”.
To sum up: I know it seems hard to say so, but this internet site about
Roman games though nicely illustrated is completely unreliable, since the
author refers only to a few publications in English while he ignores other relevant
studies completely (for example Hans Lamer’s standard article “lusoria tabula”
in vol. XIII 2, col.1900-2029, of the “Realencyclopaedie der classischen
Altertumswissenschaften” from 1927, or Anita Rieche’s book “Römische Kinder-
und Gesellschaftsspiele” from 1984 as well as the articles quoted above). The
reconstruction of ancient games is a very complicated subject where
archaeological evidence, literary sources in Greek and Latin, and knowledge of
general mechanisms of board games must be combined.
Ulrich Schädler, Archäologischer Park/Regionalmuseum Xanten,
Trajanstraße 4, D-46509 Xanten, e-mail: UUSchaedler@t-online.de.